The tasks of a civil engineer can be classified into three distinct categories: the ones that are perform prior to construction (feasibility studies as well as site investigations and design) and those carry out in the course of the construction process (dealing directly with contractors, clients consultants engineers, contractors and clients) and those carried out following the construction (maintenance as well as research).
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Studies on feasibility
Every major project in the present can be initiate without a thorough investigation of the goal and without preliminary research of plans that could lead to a prefer plan or even alternatives. The feasibility studies could cover different methods–e.g. bridge or tunnel in the case of a water crossing, or when the choice of method is made then the best route to take. Both engineering and economic issues should be taken into consideration.
Site investigation
An initial site inspection is a part of the feasibility research however, once a design approve, an thorough investigation is typically require. Spending money on a thorough investigation of the substructure and ground can save huge sums of money later when remedial work is complete or adjustments that are necessary to construction techniques.
Design
The design of engineering projects could require the use of design theories from a variety of fields–e.g. thermodynamics, hydraulics, or nuclear physical sciences. The research in structural analysis and the development of technology for materials has provided the means to more rational designs, new concepts for design and a greater efficiency of materials. The theory of structures as well as the study of material have advance in tandem as more precise analysis of stress in structures and systematic test is conduct. Modern designers do not just havesophisticate theories and readily accessible design information, but their designs are now able to be thoroughly analyse through computers.
Construction
Promotion of civil engineering projects can be start by a private customer However, most work is done by large companies or government agencies, as well as public boards and agencies. Most of them are run by their engineering departments however for major special projects, it is common to engage consultants.
Maintenance
The contractor is responsible for maintaining the work in accordance with the requirements of the consultant engineer. Maintenance responsibility extends to temporary and ancillary work that are part of the construction. After the construction, a period of maintenance is perform by the contractor. that final payment for contract is delay until it is release by the consultant engineer. Local and central government public works and engineering departments are primarily concerned with maintenance. They employ direct labor.
Research
Research in the field of civil engineering is carry out by various government institutions, industrial foundations, Universities, as well as various other institutions. Most countries have government-controlled agencies, such as the United States Bureau of Standards and the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain, involved in a broad spectrum of research, and establishments in building research, roads and highways, hydraulic research, water pollution, and other areas. They are often aid by the government, but they rely heavily on research projects fund by industries.
Civil engineering branches
In 1828, Thomas Tredgold of England wrote:
The primary goal in Civil Engineering is to improve the methods of production and the flow of trade in the states, for both trade both internal and external. It is utilize in the development and administration of bridges, roads canals, railroads, aqueducts and docks, and river navigation storehouses for the ease of intercourses and exchanges within the state as well as in the building of harbours, ports, moles, breakwaters , and lighthouses, and in navigation using artificial power to serve the purpose of commerce.
Construction
Most civil engineering contracts contain the construction element. The introduction of concrete and steel as building materials resulted in placing design in the hands of a civil engineer rather than the architect. Engineers’ analysis of a building’s problem that is based on function as well as economics, decides on the structural layout of the building.
Transportation
Roman bridges and roads were the product of military engineering. However, the roads from McAdam as well as the bridges built by Perronet create by a civil engineer. Also, the canals from the 18th century as well as railways of the 19th which, by facilitating mass transport that was speedy and economics, provided an invigorating boost towards an Industrial Revolution. Today, civil engineers are involve in a larger transportation field. e.g. traffic studies, the design of infrastructure for rail, road and air transport, and construction of embankments, pavements bridges, tunnels, and bridges.
Engineering in hydraulics and maritime
The construction of harbours and ships are both ancient art forms. In many countries that are developing today, the construction of a huge and efficient harbor is an early requirement serving as the outlet for industrial plants, as well as the required raw materials as well as an outlet for the finished products. In advanced countries, the expansion of international trade, the need for larger ships and the rise in total tonnage demand more speedy as well as efficient management. More spacious berths, alongside-handling equipment (for instance, to handle ore) and improvements to navigation are the task of the civil engineer.
Power
Civil engineers have played a significant role in the mining of metals and coal. The tunnelling is a common task in numerous areas in civil engineering. In the 20th century , the creation and design of power plants have advanced due to the rising demand for electric power. Nuclear power plants are bringing a whole new area of construction and design, that involves pre-cast concrete pressure vessels that are used for reactors.
Health care for the public
Disposal of liquid waste is closely connect with anti-pollution strategies and the reuse of water. The development of urban areas in portions of water catchment areas can alter the characteristics of runoff. Likewise, the regulation and training of rivers can alter the sequence of events that can result in flooding and the need for flood control and prevention.
